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Case Study Of Opioid Dependency Discussion

Case Study Of Opioid Dependency Discussion

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A 28-year-old male presents with opioid dependency. He is not in treatment at the present time and is exhibiting severe withdrawal symptoms.

1. Compare and contrast the efferent and afferent nerve pathways.
2. What is nociception?
3. What is somatogenic pain?
4. What is hyperalgesia?
5. How does Naloxone work?  Case Study Of Opioid Dependency Discussion

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Case Overview

A 28-year-old male presents with opioid dependency.  He is not in treatment at the present time and is exhibiting severe withdrawal symptoms.

Compare and Contrast the Afferent and Efferent Nerve Pathways.

Afferent nerve fibers conduct sensory information from external stimuli and sends information to the central nervous system for integration and processing (Yam et al., 2018).  Efferent nerve pathways on the other hand relays signals from the central nervous system to the effector organs initiating a protective action. A perfect example is the withdrawal of a hand from a hot surface.

What is Nociception?

It is a sensory mechanism in which one detects a harmful stimulus and thus withdrawing from it. According to St John Smith (2018), this mechanism is vital for human survival as it enables one to avoid injury to tissues

What is Somatogenic Pain?

Somatogenic pain includes nociceptive and neuropathic pain. This type of pain is easy to localize as compared to other types of pain and it’s detected by nerves in muscles, bones, joints, soft tissue and skin Case Study Of Opioid Dependency Discussion.

What is Hyperalgesia?

Hyperalgesia is an increased sensitivity to pain. It results from increased sensitization of nociceptors by factors such as histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, and other inflammatory markers that are released following damage to a tissue (Mercadante, Arcuri & Santoni, 2019). Besides, there also exists electrical activity in nociceptors that stimulate the production of histamines from mast cells   resulting in swelling and vasodilation. When exposed to a stimuli, individuals with hyperalgesia demonstrate an enhanced response and sensitivity to the area that surrounds the damaged tissue.

How Does Naloxone Work?

Naloxone has been used as an antidote to opioid overdose for the past five decades. It is indicated for the management of opioid toxicity to reverse the opioid overdose-related respiratory toxicity.  As a competitive opioid antagonist, it expresses a high affinity for mu-receptors with a half-life that ranges between 30-120 minutes depending on the administration route (Torralva & Janowsky, 2019)Case Study Of Opioid Dependency Discussion.

References

Mercadante, S., Arcuri, E., & Santoni, A. (2019). Opioid-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia. CNS drugs33(10), 943-955.

St John Smith, E. (2018). Advances in understanding nociception and neuropathic pain. Journal of neurology265(2), 231-238.

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Torralva, R., & Janowsky, A. (2019). Noradrenergic mechanisms in fentanyl-mediated rapid death explain failure of naloxone in the opioid crisis. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics371(2), 453-475.

Yam, M. F., Loh, Y. C., Tan, C. S., Khadijah Adam, S., Abdul Manan, N., & Basir, R. (2018). General pathways of pain sensation and the major neurotransmitters involved in pain regulation. International journal of molecular sciences19(8), 2164 Case Study Of Opioid Dependency Discussion

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