Health Conditions And Implications For Women Assignment Discussion

Health Conditions And Implications For Women Assignment Discussion

Need Help Writing an Essay?

Tell us about your assignment and we will find the best writer for your paper

Write My Essay For Me

Osteoporosis

A low bone mineral density that results from altered bone microstructure eventually predisposes patients to low-impact, fragility fractures. These fractures cause a considerable decrease in quality of life, with increased disability, morbidity, and mortality. According to Akkawi & Zmerly (2018), >50% of postmenopausal women will have an osteoporotic fracture.

Etiology

The causes of osteoporosis can be classified as primary or secondary. Research studies show that primary osteoporosis is linked to the aging process, together with a reduction in sex hormones and dietary elements. On the other hand, secondary is caused by medications and various medical conditions. Primary causes can be further classified as type 1 and type 2.

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Primary type 1 osteoporosis: Results from hormonal changes in postmenopausal women, influenced by the imbalance in estrogen and progesterone, which are responsible for the osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity. According to Lorentzon et al. (2021)Health Conditions And Implications For Women Assignment Discussion, estrogen regulates osteoclastic activity, while osteoblastic activity is regulated by progesterone. Because of the reduced estrogen levels in postmenopausal women, there is more bone loss than bone formation.

Primary type 2: Also known as senile osteoporosis, and is caused by chronic low dietary calcium or, at times, factors that affect calcium metabolism like hyperparathyroidism. It is commonly seen in women with a high rate of hip fractures.

Secondary osteoporosis: It is caused by medical conditions that increase bone remodeling, causing disruption or interference of bone reformation. As a result, there is bone loss due to an imbalance from new bone production and loss. The associated conditions include diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, liver disease, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and others. Also, medications that can cause secondary osteoporosis include anticonvulsants, antacids containing aluminum, steroids, heparin, and thyroxine.

The risk factors associated with the disease are classified as modifiable and non-modifiable. Modifiable risk factors include low BMI, alcoholism, early menopause <45 years, prolonged premenopausal amenorrhea, bilateral oophorectomy, current cigarette smoking, inadequate physical activity, recurrent falls, and low dietary calcium intake (Pouresmaeili et al., 2018)Health Conditions And Implications For Women Assignment Discussion. Non-modifiable risk factors consist of white/Asian race, female sex, advanced age, history of fracture as an adult, and familial history of the disease.

Pathophysiology

Osteoporosis results from an imbalance between bone remodeling and bone resorption, resulting in decreased skeletal mass. In the majority of people, bone mass peaks in the third decade. After this, bone resorption exceeds formation. According to Saadeh et al. (2022)Health Conditions And Implications For Women Assignment Discussion, hormones influence osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women. A decrease in estrogen level has a negative effect on bone formation by increasing sensitivity to the bone resorption effect by the parathyroid hormone. This results in rapid bone loss compared to bone formation.

Symptoms

There are no specific signs and symptoms unless there is a fracture. Common manifestations include hip, vertebral, and distal radial fractures (Watts, 2018). Physical examination may reveal kyphosis, postural changes, and loss of height from vertebral fractures. The fracture risk assessment tool evaluates hip and other significant osteoporotic fractures risk probability.

Investigations

Laboratory Tests

• Calcium and Phosphorus: To assess the levels of calcium and phosphorus levels.
• Liver Function: To rule out liver disease.
• Thyroid Function Tests: Check thyroid hormone levels to rule out hyperthyroidism.
• 24-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels: To check for reduced vitamin D levels.

Imaging

• Plain x-ray: To look out for cortical thinning, increased thickness, and decreased number of trabeculae.
• Vertebral CT Scan: To check for bone mineral density.
• Dexa Bone Density Scan: A non-invasive test that measures the bone mineral density and helps predict fracture risk.
• Biopsy: To identify the microarchitecture and mineralization of the bone.

Primary Prevention

• Smoking Cessation: Research studies have shown that smoking is strongly associated with bone loss; therefore, cessation is recommended.
• Advice on Routine Exercise: According to Farrah & Jawad (2020)Health Conditions And Implications For Women Assignment Discussion, exercising about 30 minutes four times a week is recommended and has been proven to improve bone mineral density. However, because the effects of exercise on the BMD could reverse by stopping exercise, long-term adherence is equally essential.
• Adequate Intake of Dietary Vitamin D and Calcium: Calcium is primarily available in dairy products, and about 1200mg is recommended daily.
• Fall Prevention: Patients at risk should be educated and given adequate help to prevent falls and subsequent fractures.
  

  ORDER HERE

Treatment

• The first-line drug used to treat osteoporosis is bisphosphonates, which can be oral or intravenous (Eastell et al.,2019). The most commonly used oral bisphosphonates include risedronate 35mg weekly and alendronate 70mg once weekly. Research has shown that the drug works in two ways: target farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FFP) inhibition. This important enzyme prevents the formation of essential signaling proteins for osteoclastic activity, thus reducing overall turnover and bone resorption. The other mode of action is its affinity for hydroxyapatite, an essential component of the bone matrix.
• Hormonal replacement with estrogen is recommended for postmenopausal women who are <10 years from menopause and are at a lower risk of deep vein thrombosis. It is specifically advised for women who cannot tolerate bisphosphonates.
• Anabolic agents such as abaloparatide, teriparatide, and romosozumab are recommended for patients who fail other treatment options or have hormonal disturbances such as parathyroid oversecretion.
• Intranasal calcitonin has been shown to reduce vertebral fractures significantly. Long-term safety is a concern, however.

Surgical Intervention

Often recommended when the pharmacological treatment has failed, especially in patients at risk of vertebral fractures (Farrah & Jawad, 2020)Health Conditions And Implications For Women Assignment Discussion. Kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty are helpful for pain relief and stabilization of fractures.

References

Akkawi, I., & Zmerly, H. (2018). Osteoporosis: Current Concepts. Joints, 6(2), 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660790

Eastell, R., Rosen, C. J., Black, D. M., Cheung, A. M., Murad, M. H., & Shoback, D. (2019). Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 104(5), 1595–1622. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00221

Farrah, Z., & Jawad, A. S. (2020). Optimising the management of osteoporosis. Clinical Medicine, 20(5), e196–e201. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0131

Lorentzon, M., Johansson, H., Harvey, N. C., Liu, E., Vandenput, L., McCloskey, E. V., & Kanis, J. A. (2021). Osteoporosis and fractures in women: the burden of disease. Climacteric, 25(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2021.1951206

Pouresmaeili, F., Kamali Dehghan, B., Kamarehei, M., & Yong Meng, G. (2018). A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 14(1), 2029–2049. https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s138000

Saadeh, R., Jumaa, D., Elsalem, L., Batieha, A., Jaddou, H., Khader, Y., El-Khateeb, M., Ajlouni, K., & Allouh, M. Z. (2022). Osteoporosis among Postmenopausal Women in Jordan: A National Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148803

Watts, N. B. (2018). Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Clinical Review. Journal of Women’s Health, 27(9), 1093–1096. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2017.6706 Health Conditions And Implications For Women Assignment Discussion

NRNP 6552:  HEALTH CONDITIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR WOMEN

Some health issues, including heart disease, depression, and autoimmune disease, present more frequently in women than in men. Others, including ovarian cancer and pregnancy issues, are obviously exclusive to the female population. Nurse practitioners focused on women’s healthcare become well-versed in these health issues and apply their expertise to helping to screen for and offer care for patients with these conditions.

For this Discussion, you will select a specific women’s health issue. You will research this issue, and share common symptoms, recommended diagnostic tests, and common treatments.

LEARNING RESOURCES:

Required Readings

• Schuiling, K. D., & Likis, F. E. (2022). Gynecologic health care (4th ed.). Jones and Bartlett Learning.
  • Chapter 29, “Gynecologic Cancers” (pp. 569-597)
  • Chapter 30, “Chronic Pelvic Pain” (pp. 601-616)

ADULT GERONTOLOGY RESOURCES

• van Dijk, G. M., Kavousi, M., Troup, J., & Franco, O. H. (2015). Health issues for menopausal women: The top 11 conditions have common solutionsLinks to an external site.. Maturitas, 80(1), 24–30. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.09.013
• North American Menopause Society. (2020). Sexual health & menopause. Links to an external site. http://www.menopause.org/for-women/sexual-health-menopause-online/how-to-navigate-this-online-resource

CLINICAL GUIDELINE RESOURCES

As you review the following resources, you may want to include a topic in the search area to gather detailed information (e.g., breast cancer screening guidelines; CDC – for zika in pregnancy, etc.)Health Conditions And Implications For Women Assignment Discussion.

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).Links to an external site. (2020).  https://www.acog.org/
• American Cancer Society, Inc. (ACS). (2020). Information and Resources about Cancer: Breast, Colon, Lung, Prostate, Skin. Links to an external site. https://www.cancer.org/
• American Nurses Association (ANA). (n.d.). Lead the profession to share the future of nursing and health care. Links to an external site. https://www.nursingworld.org/
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (CDC). (n.d.). CDC in action. Links to an external site. https://www.cdc.gov/
• HealthyPeople 2030. (2020). Healthy People 2030 Framework. Links to an external site.  https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/About-Healthy-People/Development-Healthy-People-2030/Framework
• The American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP). (2020). What’s Happening at your association. Links to an external site. https://www.aanp.org/

Discussion post:

• Review the Learning Resources for this week and consider the different types of women’s health issues.
• Choose one of the women’s health issue from the following list and once you have selected an issue, search the Walden Library and/or the Internet regarding the health issue symptoms, diagnostic tests, and common treatments:
  • Osteoporosis
  • Bladder Issues
  • Pre-diabetes
  • Thyroid
  • Hypertension
  • Seizure Disorders
  • Psychiatric Disorders

Part 1(2 pages): Based on the issue you chose, post a description and explanation of common symptoms, recommended diagnostic tests, and common treatments. Be specific and provide examples. Use the evidence from your search of the literature to support your explanation of the woman’s health issue you chose.

Part 2(1 page): Next, based off the one women’s health issue you picked listed below, post your responses to the following questions that corresponds to your women’s health issue.

ORDER NOW

• Osteoporosis– What are your options for primary prevention? How would you educate someone on the treatment?
• Bladder Issues– What exactly are the symptoms? What about Interstitial cystitis (IC) and pelvic pain?
• Thyroid– What symptoms occur in women? What can you discern from that? What about infertility?
• Pre-diabetes– Are there menstrual irregularities? What types of medication are they taking? What about pregnancy plans?
• Hypertension– What medications are appropriate for a woman of reproductive age? Should you counsel the woman on appropriate dieting?
• Seizure Disorders– What special implications do you need to consider in this particular population?
• Psychiatric Disorders– Specify the types of disorders i.e., anxiety/depression/substance abuse/eating disorders Health Conditions And Implications For Women Assignment Discussion