NUR 502 Module 7 Discussion STU

Sample Answer for NUR 502 Module 7 Discussion STU
Module Seven Discussion:  Discussion 7  
Integumentary Function  
Common Psoriasis Triggers and Clinical Types  
Several factors can trigger psoriasis exacerbation. One of the factors is stress. Typically, stress is the significant psoriasis trigger. Simultaneously, psoriasis flare-ups can result in stress resulting in an unending loop (National Psoriasis Foundation, 2022). The other factor is medications. Beta-blockers have been pinpointed as a primary cause of plaque psoriasis, regarded as a highly encountered psoriasis. Another factor involves infections like streptococcal pharyngitis (Rowden, 2021). Traditionally, streptococcal infection is likely to trigger the chronic plaque psoriasis flaring up. Other factors involving engagement in substance use like alcohol and smoking.  
Significantly, psoriasis can be presented in different types clinically. The first one is plaque psoriasis. This refers to an autoimmune health condition that is long lasting, contributing to rapid cell production. The contraction of this condition results in the development of scaly and thick patches on the skin termed patches and might be more itchy (Le Roux & Frow, 2020). The second one is guttate psoriasis. This is a skin health condition highly encountered without any possible warming and accompanied accordingly by a strep throat infection. In most instances, those condition’s hallmarks involve, scaly and red patches breaking out (Le Roux & Frow, 2020).  
Psoriasis Treatment  
One of the treatment options for psoriasis involves topical treatments. Medications like retinoid, corticosteroids are administered topically to aid in the management of this condition. The other treatment involves administration of the light therapy. This entails the skin being exposed regarding the non-pharmacological options, the modifications of lifestyle involving     moisturizers   application on the skin and stress management approaches to help manage psoriasis. Based on the treatment options mentioned above, the suitable one for KB is topical treatment; this is highly associated with how her condition relapses over time. 
  
 Medications Review Relevance 
The primary reason for being informed on the specific medication being taken by KB is how some medications are likely to trigger psoriasis symptoms exacerbations’ as mentioned, medications like beta blockers have been linked with triggering psoriasis flare hence understanding being informed on the type of medication being taken is significant for the formulation of suitable healthcare plan. The other reason involves the eradication of drug-drug interactions capable of resulting in adverse health outcomes. 
 Other manifestations 
 There exist other manifestations of psoriasis apart from skin symptoms manifestations. One of the manifestations involves psoriatic arthritis. This condition is highly characterized by skinned top red patches together with silvery scales. The other one incorporates nail changes. The commonly observed changes in nails incorporate discoloration and the nails being separated from the nail bed. 
  
  
 References 
Le Roux, E., & Frow, H. (2020). Diagnosis and management of mild to moderate psoriasis. Prescriber, 31(7-8), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/psb.1855  
Links to an external site. 
National Psoriasis Foundation. (2022, December 21). Psoriasis: Causes & triggers. The National Psoriasis Foundation: National Psoriasis Foundation. https://www.psoriasis.org/causes/  
Links to an external site. 
Rowden, A. (2021, July 27). What drugs can cause psoriasis? List and what to do. Medical and health information. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-drugs-can-cause-psoriasis  
Links to an external site. 
  
  
 Sensory Function 
 C.J’s Eyes Diagnosis 
 According to the presented clinical manifestations, C.J.’s eye diagnosis is likely to be conjunctivitis. Also termed as pink eye, conjunctivitis involves the transparent membrane inflammation lining the eyeball and the eyelid highly known as conjunctiva (Hashmi et al., 2022). This condition is commonly caused by viral infections though in some instances, an allergenic reaction or bacterial infection might influence its exacerbation (Hashmi et al., 2022). From the case study, the rationale for diagnosis is confirmed by the manifestations of several symptoms. They comprise crusty and yellow discharge coming from the eyes, conjunctiva redness, and blurred vision especially very early in the morning that clears up after the discharge is cleared. 
 Eye etiology Naming 
 The eye infection presented a possible etiology that can be bacterial or viral. The primary reason behind this notion is that both modes of transmission for the mentioned conditions and some of the manifested symptoms are the same. Typically, viral conjunctivitis is highly transmitted through getting into contact with infections discharge from the eyes, tears, or respiratory discharge (CDC, 2022). Similarly, bacterial conjunctivitis is likely to spread through respiratory droplets. In addition, the common symptoms’ between these two conditions involve (CDC, 2022). On the contrary, allergic conjunctivitis is commonly presented with watery discharge and itching compared to the yellowish crusty discharge. Gonococcal is not the possible etiology considering the inexistence of purulent discharge possibilities. Significantly, trachoma cannot be linked to the condition etiology due to the inability of the cornea to be involved as far as the infection is concerned. 
 Considering, the manifestation of the throbbing pain especially in the left part of the ear and reddened tympanic membrane, there are increased chances that the CJ might have been encountering acute otitis media occasionally primarily caused by the key pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumonia. 
 Therapeutic Approach to CJ’s Issue 
 Based on C. J’s case, the suitable therapeutic approach will be grounded on the conjunctivitis etiology. In case of the etiology is bacterial, medication like topical antibiotic drops can be administered. In situations where the condition is viral, cold compresses and artificial tears should be prescribed. However, from the case, there is no existing etiology information. In this regard, the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics would be suitable as further investigations are performed to pinpoint the right diagnosis. 
  
  
References 
CDC. (2022, October 4). Conjunctivitis information for clinicians | CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/clinical.html  
Links to an external site. 
Hashmi, M. F., Gurnani, B., & Benson, S. (2022, December 6). Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/  
Links to an external site. 
 Sample Answer 2 for NUR 502 Module 7 Discussion STU
Integumentary Function 
Common Triggers for Psoriasis 
Stress, infections (such as streptococcal throat infections), skin injuries, certain medications (such as lithium, antimalarial drugs, and beta-blockers), smoking, and alcohol consumption are among the most common triggers for psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune condition. Psoriasis may present itself in several ways, but the most common one is plaque psoriasis, which looks like red, elevated areas coated in a silvery-white accumulation of dead skin cells (scales). Another kind of psoriasis is guttate psoriasis, which manifests as tiny, dot-like lesions silvery-white (Grozdev & Korman, 2021). Inverse psoriasis affects folds of skin like the armpits and groin. Pustular psoriasis involves lumps packed with pus, and erythrodermic psoriasis causes redness and scaling all over the skin. 
Treatment Types 
Topical corticosteroids and vitamin D analogs are among the treatment choices for psoriasis. Systemic drugs including methotrexate, cyclosporine, and biologics are also available. The severity of K.B.’s lesions suggests that a systematic treatment may be necessary in light of her widespread recurrence. In such circumstances, biological medicines that target particular components of the immune response implicated in psoriasis, such as TNF-alpha or IL-17 inhibitors, may be beneficial. When it comes to extensive participation, phototherapy (light therapy) might also be helpful (Armstrong & Read, 2020). In addition to medication, non-pharmacological interventions such as learning to manage stress, eating a balanced diet, not smoking, and regularly moisturizing the skin can help with symptom management and preventing flare-ups. 
Medication Review 
The possibility for drug interactions between K.B.’s psoriasis therapies and her other drugs makes a comprehensive medication evaluation and reconciliation all the more important in this instance. Some drugs, such as lithium or beta-blockers, might make psoriasis symptoms worse or make it harder for therapy to work (Armstrong & Read, 2020). On the flip side, methotrexate and other psoriasis therapies may interact with other drugs and should be monitored closely for liver function issues; modifications to the treatment plan may be necessary to avoid side effects while still getting the job done. 
Other Manifestations 
Patients suffering from psoriasis may encounter several other symptoms and medical conditions in addition to cutaneous manifestations. Psoriatic arthritis, changes to the nails (such as pitting or detachment from the nail bed), and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and depression are some of the symptoms that may accompany psoriasis (Grozdev & Korman, 2021). The significance of holistic treatment and management that takes into account both the cutaneous and systemic components of psoriasis cannot be overstated, as the illness may affect more than just the skin. 
References 
Armstrong, A. W., & Read, C. (2020). Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of psoriasis: a review. Jama, 323(19), 1945-1960. 
Grozdev, I., & Korman, N. J. (2021). Psoriasis: epidemiology, potential triggers, disease course. Advances in Psoriasis: A Multisystemic Guide, 27-37. 
Sensory Function 
Eyes Diagnosis 
Pink eye, or acute bacterial conjunctivitis, is the most probable diagnosis for C.J.’s eye disease given the symptoms she has been experiencing. Inflammation affecting the cornea and inner surface of the eyelids is indicated by crusty and yellowish discharge and bilateral conjunctival erythema, which is redness of the conjunctiva. One of the symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis is momentarily impaired vision upon waking up, which goes away as the discharge is cleared (Johnson et al., 2022). This is because the fluid might block the visual axis. The fact that the symptoms worsened over time, progressing from redness and discharge to full-blown eye redness, lends credence to this diagnosis. 
A probable concomitant otitis media infection, characterized by a pulsating pain in the left ear, is worth considering. The physical examination revealed a red, bulging, and opaque tympanic membrane, lending credence to this conclusion. Upper respiratory infections and close contact with sick persons are frequent risk factors for both otitis media and acute bacterial conjunctivitis, which often co-occurs. Given the interconnected nature of the two disorders, it is crucial to conduct a thorough evaluation and devise a treatment strategy that takes into account both the visual and auditory symptoms. Due to the contagious nature of bacterial conjunctivitis, it is recommended to use topical antibiotics such as erythromycin or fluoroquinolones to treat the symptoms, stop the infection from spreading, and speed up the healing process (Johnson et al., 2022). In addition, it is important to instruct C.J. on how to properly clean himself so that he does not infect others, and to urge him to see a doctor immediately if his symptoms do not improve or if they get worse while taking medication. 
Probable Etiology 
C.J. most likely has bacterial conjunctivitis in his eyes instead of a viral, allergic, gonococcal, or trachoma-related cause, according to his clinical presentation. Similar to what C.J. is experiencing, bacterial conjunctivitis manifests itself clinically as yellowish discharge, bilateral conjunctival erythema, and blurred vision upon awakening. C.J. shows symptoms of yellowish discharge and bilateral involvement from the start, in contrast to viral conjunctivitis, which usually appears as watery discharge and usually affects one eye first before spreading to the other. When common allergens like pollen and dust do not exist, the likelihood of allergic conjunctivitis decreases (Al-Eryani et al., 2021). Furthermore, sexually active individuals with genital gonorrhea or babies exposed before delivery are the most prevalent hosts of gonococcal conjunctivitis, which is characterized by a purulent discharge. C.J. does not seem to be experiencing the persistent inflammation, scarring, and vision loss typical with trachoma, which is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis and is most common in areas where people do not practice good sanitation and hygiene.   
Best Therapeutic Approach 
C.J. would benefit most from starting a course of topical antibiotic treatment with a broad-spectrum antibiotic such as erythromycin ointment or fluoroquinolones. These medications work by killing the germs that cause conjunctivitis, which speeds up the healing process and lessens the likelihood that the infection will spread. Warm compresses and mild eye hygiene to drain discharge are additional supportive treatments that help alleviate symptoms (Al-Eryani et al., 2021). When treating a bacterial infection in the ear, systemic antibiotics may be necessary if symptoms of otitis media are present at the same time. It is crucial to closely follow up with healthcare professionals to track treatment response and make sure that both ocular and otic symptoms go away. 
References 
Al-Eryani, S. A., Alshamahi, E. Y. A., Al-Shamahy, H. A., Alfalahi, G. H. A., & Al-Rafiq, A. A. (2021). Bacterial conjunctivitis of adults: causes and ophthalmic antibiotic resistance patterns for the common bacterial isolates. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 6(1), 25-28. 
Johnson, D., Liu, D., & Simel, D. (2022). Does this patient with acute infectious conjunctivitis have a bacterial infection?: The rational clinical examination systematic review. JAMA, 327(22), 2231-2237. 

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