Promoting Education For Special Needs Students Discussion

Promoting Education For Special Needs Students Discussion

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The purpose of the Pre-Writing Scaffold Assignment is to summarize and analyze six peer-reviewed journal articles. The articles are to be on topics related to two future projects: Philosopher Analysis Assignment and Historical Topic Analysis Assignment. This assignment contributes to the scaffolding of these two upcoming course projects. In doctoral work, candidates are required to connect their research to a theoretical framework. This assignment will assist in building a framework for future research.

 Philosopher Analysis: Annotated Journal Articles on B. F. Skinner

This section of the paper summarizes three articles on B. F. Skinner’s science of operant learning, its impact on behavioral science, and the synthesis of information obtained from the three articles. Promoting Education For Special Needs Students Discussion

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Schlinger, H. D. (2021). The impact of B. F. Skinner’s science of operant learning on early

Childhood research, theory, treatment, and care. Early Child Development and Care, 191(7-8), 1089-1106. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2020.1855155

This article examines how the well-known psychologist B. F. Skinner, who worked in the twentieth century, made an important contribution to the field of psychology with his discovery of operant learning, sometimes called conditioning. They analyze how Skinner’s other fields of study, including education, philosophy, and neuroscience, transformed the educational opportunities available to people with disabilities. Schlinger (2022) reported that Skinner’s operant conditioning significantly contributed to early childhood education. Problematic behaviors in youngsters are amenable to conditioning and management with the right kind of attention and practice. The discovery that Skinner made in operant learning substantially impacted the behavioral adjustments that occurred in early life. According to the article, Skinner’s innovations and discoveries increased our understanding of early childhood development and the study of behavioral control in connection to education. This study sheds light on the emotions the theoretician experienced as he was conducting his research. Thus, by the principle of operant learning, society failed to use the benefits offered by the advances in technology. Skinner was committed to enhancing human conditioning by utilizing a wide range of methodologies. They address how Skinner’s behavior-analytic and operant theories have developed into well-established and accepted ideas that may provide abstract coherence to the numerous subfields of developmental psychology taught in classrooms nationwide. In their conclusion, the authors discuss how Skinner laid the groundwork, experimentally, theoretically, and practically, for successive generations of researchers, theorists, and practitioners to spread the findings of operant research. They demonstrate how the discoveries made by Skinner have had the most significant impact on our understanding of the development of young children with impairments, as well as our understanding of early childhood education, treatment, and care. Promoting Education For Special Needs Students Discussion

Guercio, J. M. (2018). The importance of a deeper knowledge of behavior analysis’s history and theoretical foundations: 1863–1960. Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice, 18(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1037/bar0000123

This article examines the significance of studying and understanding the historical foundations of applied behavior analysis (ABA). The field’s historical, philosophical, and scientific foundations have yet to be addressed, despite the dramatic increase in the number of students in behavior analysis in the last ten years. The number of certified behavior analysts increased from 7,419 to more than 14 000 in 2011 and 2014, respectively. Therefore, the field grew by almost 100% within three years, indicating high demand for behavior analysis skills in the community. Additionally, courses approved by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) are offered in over 200 colleges and universities worldwide. The authors presented various benefits of studying the history of behavior analysis in this field of study. First, studying history will trigger the evolution of more behavior analysis training programs. These courses will further enhance the science of behavior. Studying the field’s history will also enhance the knowledge of students focusing on applying the science of behavior in psychology. Furthermore, studying history will enable the learners to understand how behavior therapies have evolved and acknowledge the impact of B.F. Skinner’s early work in this field of study. According to Kwon and Silva (2020), behavioral theories have influenced the field of psychology significantly. Lastly, history will enable the learners to perceive the discipline of applied behavior analysis as an extensive and interrelated field of study since B.F Skinner completed his work in the university biology and physiology departments. Thus, learners should focus on changing various disciplines using skills acquired in applied behavior analysis.

Rader, A. E., Rader, K. A., Katz, J. S., & Leaf, J. B. (2021). The progression of experimental design and data analysis in applied behavior analysis. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 22(2), 152-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2021.1932199 Promoting Education For Special Needs Students Discussion

This article aims at evaluating research methods history and data analysis in

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA). The study also aims at analyzing trends in methods used in JABA to determine if they are progressive. The article presents objective data collection, repeated observation, and data analysis to describe the scientific subject. Experimentation design was applied to establish a connection between independent and dependent variables. Predictions concerning the subject matter were made based on the relationship between the variables being studied. In natural sciences, the experimental design comprises three components: Randomization, control, and repetition. Therefore, result in findings allow researchers to present scientific evidence regarding the effects of treatment. Several pioneers, including Mach, Watson, Pavlon, and Jones, contributed to experimental design and analysis used in ABA. B. F. Skinner is one of the scientists who embraced the work of R. A. Fisher, who founded modern statistics (Bodmer et al., 2021). During this period, B.F Skinner was working on two inventions aimed at revolutionize the study of behavior and make applicable to other fields rather than psychology. In the Pavlovian approach, he focused on isolating the independent variable. This experiment isolated a small animal, such as a pigeon or a rat, from confounding variables. Behavior change revolutionized operant behavior study significantly. Other researchers implemented behavior change due to immediate behavior changes after applying the Pavlovian approach. Skinner formalized his experiments in laboratory science, where he founded the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)Promoting Education For Special Needs Students Discussion. Skinner claimed that cumulative visual analysis was sufficient to support causal effects between behavior and the environment.

Synthesize of Information Presented in the Articles

            Psychologist B. F. Skinner significantly impacted the field of psychology through his discovery of operant learning or operant conditioning. B.F Skinner developed this concept after conducting the Pavlovian experiment in which he used small animals such as rats. The results of this experiment indicated the immediate impact of change on behavior. Consequently, the idea of the connection between behavior and environment was embraced by other scholars and became the basis of psychology. Currently, many learners worldwide are studying the science of behavior to become certified behavior analysts. B.F Skinner’s behavioral therapy, which holds that the extinction of responses depends on reinforcement, will provide certified behavior analysts with a basis for dealing with different psychological and mental issues in their clinical practice Promoting Education For Special Needs Students Discussion.

Historical Topic Analysis: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 

            This section of the paper summarizes three articles on the evolution of inclusive education and its impact on learners with disability and the synthesis of information obtained from the three articles.

Florian, L. (2019). On the necessary co-existence of special and inclusive education. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 23(7-8), 691-704. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1622801

            Florian (2019) aimed to examine the history of special and inclusive education. Initially, it was believed that children with special educational needs should be enrolled in something other than general education systems. This statement was later changed by a rights-based anti-discriminatory stance stating that children with special needs should enroll in a neighborhood school that children with no disability attend. According to Tu et al. (2021), enrolling learners with special needs to regular school curriculum would improve their education outcomes and social skills. Additionally, the new perception was supported by the ‘Education for All’ (EFA) movement, launched at World Conference on Education for All held in Jomtien, Thailand, in 19990. The movement promoted children with special needs education by emphasizing on urgency and necessity to provide education to all individuals with special needs in a regular education system. However, this idea was challenged by Salamanca, claiming that learners required different forms of provision to meet their education needs. As a result, the idea of providing inclusive education to the entire education community was supported since it would meet all learners’ education needs. Additionally, disparities in educational systems were evaluated to determine the ability of the education system to meet learners’ diverse needs.

García-Carrión, R., Molina Roldán, S., & Roca Campos, E. (2018). Interactive learning environments for the educational improvement of students with disabilities in special schools. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1744. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01744

This article examines methods of developing interactive learning environments in special schools to provide children with disabilities with better learning opportunities. Education outcomes for children with disabilities are relatively low. Additionally, the rate of elementary education completion is significantly low, and learners with disability face challenges in transiting to higher education levels, exposing them to poverty and social exclusion in adulthood. Consequently, movements advocating for persons with disabilities’ rights reaffirmed that learners with special needs should be allowed to enroll in inclusive, quality, and free learning institutions that other community members attend. Nonetheless, students with special needs are still schooling in institutions for learners with disability, resulting to low education outcomes. Low education outcomes among learners with special needs are attributed to the failure of their learning institutions to maximize students’ attainment in instrumental learning. Adnan and Anwar, K. (2020) reported lack of resources as a major barrier to attainment of education goals among socially disadvantaged learners. Thus, learning environments for students with special needs should be improved to achieve better instrumental learning outcomes for these learners. Furthermore, instruction models based on interaction should be introduced in schools for learners with special needs since they offer safe and high-quality learning to learners with a disability, enhancing their educational and social inclusion.

De Bruin, K. (2019). The impact of inclusive education reforms on students with disability: an international comparison. International Journal of inclusive education, 23(7-8), 811-826. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1623327 Promoting Education For Special Needs Students Discussion

This article examines the policy reforms in different countries and analyzes data on disaggregated and aggregated student placement. The Salamanca Statement urges States to consider the ‘necessity and urgency’ of allowing students with a disability to access the mainstream education system. Consequently, the US and Australia amended their legislation and policies to support the rights of students with a disability to access quality education. These countries later signed contracts with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which requires these states to reduce segregation and focus on inclusive education. However, change in policies resulted in different results in both countries. An increase in segregation was reported in Australia, where learners with special needs were confined in schools for students with disability. On the contrary, segregation decreased dramatically in the USA. Consequently, students with special needs were enrolled in the regular education system. However, education segregation is reported among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in both countries, irrespective of the reforms.

Synthesize of Information Presented in the Articles

Poor education outcomes and a low rate of elementary education completion among students with disabilities were associated with segregation. The Salamanca claimed that denying learners with a disability access to the regular education system limited them from accessing quality education. Therefore, to promote education outcomes among students with special needs worldwide, the Salamanca Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities declared the ‘necessity and urgency’ in allowing students with a disability to access the mainstream education system. As a result, most countries, including the United States and Australia, changed their policies to support an inclusive curriculum in which learners with a disability would be allowed to attend community schools attended by children with no disabilities. However, the inclusion system has not been effective since learners with particular disabilities, such as children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, are denied access to mainstream education. For this reason, the education system should focus on improving educational attainment among learners with disability by equipping schools for students with disabilities with required instruments and other learning materials.

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References

Adnan, M., & Anwar, K. (2020). Online Learning amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Students’ Perspectives. Online Submission, 2(1), 45-51.

Bodmer, W., Bailey, R. A., Charlesworth, B., Eyre-Walker, A., Farewell, V., Mead, A., & Senn, S. (2021). The outstanding scientist, RA Fisher: his views on eugenics and race. Heredity, 126(4), 565-576.

Kwon, H. R., & Silva, E. A. (2020). Mapping the landscape of behavioral theories: Systematic literature review. Journal of Planning Literature, 35(2), 161-179.

Schlinger, H. D. (2022). The impact of BF Skinner’s science of operant learning on early childhood research, theory, treatment, and care. In The Influence of Theorists and Pioneers on Early Childhood Education (pp. 101-118). Routledge.

Tu, C., Nurymov, Y., Umirzakova, Z., & Berestova, A. (2021). Building an online educational platform to promote creative and affective thinking in special education. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 40, 100841. Promoting Education For Special Needs Students Discussion