PSYC FPX 3110 Assessment 4 Applying The DSM Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

PSYC FPX 3110 Assessment 4 Applying The DSM Obsessive Compulsive Disorder:

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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common mental health disorder defined by recurring obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are unwanted, unreasonable ideas that disrupt the mind and cause severe discomfort. Compulsions are recurring behaviors or mental exercises that people are motivated to perform to relieve the stress produced by their obsessions. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (National Institute of Mental Health, 2022) and the American Psychiatric Association, these activities are attempts to relieve the extreme pain produced by obsessive thoughts, but they frequently reinforce the OCD cycle (Fineberg et al., 2020).

Statistics

The National Institute of Mental Health (2017) reports that Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) impacts around 1.2% of adults in the United States and 1 in 100 children. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (2017), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects around 1.2% of adults in the United States and one out of every hundred children. This condition is more common in females and often begins in adolescence, with an average starting age of 19.5 years (Brock & Hany, 2023). Most people get OCD before the age of 35, and occurrence after that age is unusual.

PSYC FPX 3110 Assessment 4 Applying The DSM Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

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Prominent Figures with OCD

Several celebrities, including Howie Mandel, Megan Fox, Billy Bob Thornton, and Jennifer Love Hewitt, have openly revealed their difficulties with OCD. Their sincerity has helped to raise awareness about the disease and minimize the negative perceptions associated with it.

The Historical Evolution of OCD

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) has been extensively researched throughout history. In the 17th century, OCD was frequently perceived through a perspective of religious sadness. The attention shifted to medical explanations around the turn of the 19th century. In 1994, the DSM-IV classified OCD as an anxiety disorder based on psychological ideas presented in the 20th century (Stanford Medicine, 2022). The DSM-V included other adjustments that significantly changed how OCD and associated disorders are categorized and understood.

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PSYC FPX 3110 Assessment 1

PSYC FPX 3110 Assessment 2

PSYC FPX 3110 Assessment 3

Theories: Etiology of OCD

Biological Perspective

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is caused by biological factors such as genetic predispositions, brain malfunction or neuroplasticity, and abnormalities in neurotransmitter or hormone function (International OCD Foundation, 2019). These factors have a significant influence on the development and behavior of OCD symptoms, highlighting the disorder’s complexities.

Psychological Perspective

Psychological theories suggest that flawed beliefs or assessments, as well as acquired behaviors, especially avoidance learning, maybe the source of OCD. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, people with OCD adopt maladaptive thinking patterns and actions in reaction to their obsessions, which perpetuates the disorder’s cycle (Kalanthroff & Wheaton, 2022).

Changes in Diagnostic Criteria

The DSM-IV classified Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) as an anxiety disorder, and patients needed to realize the irrationality of their obsessions or compulsions. However, the DSM-V made substantial adjustments, reclassifying OCD as obsessive-compulsive and associated disorders. This version highlighted the presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both, but did not require patients to understand the irrationality of their thoughts or behaviors (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2019). Furthermore, the DSM-V added additional categories for associated disorders such as hoarding disorder and body dysmorphic disorder, indicating a more sophisticated understanding of these issues (Hartmann et al., 2020). This categorization has significant consequences for treatment and diagnosis, enabling more personalized therapeutic approaches.

PSYC FPX 3110 Assessment 4 Applying The DSM Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

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Advancements in OCD Treatment

Recent advancements in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have identified various useful therapies. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) are commonly regarded as essential therapies (Van Noppen et al., 2021). These therapies aim to change the thinking processes and behaviors linked with OCD, progressively exposing people to anxiety-provoking circumstances while preventing obsessive responses.

Telehealth CBT has evolved as a viable alternative to traditional treatment, offering patients more accessibility and convenience (Greenwood et al., 2022). Pharmacological therapies, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are also routinely used to treat OCD symptoms (Pittenger & Bloch, 2019). These developments reflect continuous attempts to enhance treatment results and quality of life for people with OCD by providing a variety of therapy alternatives suited to their specific needs and preferences.

Contributions to Changes in the DSM

The DSM revisions attempted to align diagnoses based on similar symptoms, comorbidity patterns, onset, progression, risk factors, and treatment responses. This approach represents a more complex view of mental diseases, such as Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) (Regier et al., 2019). These improvements aim to increase diagnostic accuracy and the efficacy of treatment options targeted to the unique requirements of people suffering from OCD and similar diseases by fine-tuning diagnostic criteria and categorization systems.

Support for Treatment Change

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), a key component of OCD treatment, has demonstrated significant success in clinical trials. According to research, two-thirds of patients who receive ERP show notable improvement, with one-third experiencing total symptom remission (Hezel & Simpson, 2019).

Patients generally choose ERP over medicine since it improves their quality of life and eliminates the need for long-term pharmacotherapy. This highlights ERP’s importance as a therapy strategy for OCD, providing long-term benefits beyond symptom reduction.

PSYC FPX 3110 Assessment 4 Applying The DSM Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

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Conclusion

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a complicated mental health condition defined by recurring obsessions and compulsions that have a major influence on everyday living. OCD’s categorization in the DSM has allowed for more exact diagnosis and treatment, resulting in its acceptance as a highly treatable illness. Looking ahead, current research and breakthroughs in treatment methods provide promise for additional improvements in OCD management.

Our knowledge and management of OCD have greatly improved as a result of historical, biological, and psychological perspectives, as well as advances in diagnosis and therapy stated in the DSM revisions. Effective treatments, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), and pharmaceutical alternatives, provide hope for symptom alleviation and increased quality of life. Continued research and awareness initiatives are critical to improving our methods of helping people with OCD.

References

Brock, H., & Hany, M. (2023). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553162/

Fineberg, N. A., Hollander, E., Pallanti, S., Walitza, S., Grünblatt, E., Dell’Osso, B. M., Albert, U., Geller, D. A., Brakoulias, V., Janardhan Reddy, Y. C., Arumugham, S. S., Shavitt, R. G., Drummond, L., Grancini, B., De Carlo, V., Cinosi, E., Chamberlain, S. R., Ioannidis, K., Rodriguez, C. I., & Garg, K. (2020). Clinical advances in obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, Publish Ahead of Print(4). https://doi.org/10.1097/yic.0000000000000314

Greenwood, H., Krzyzaniak, N., Peiris, R., Clark, J., Scott, A. M., Cardona, M., Griffith, R., & Glasziou, P. (2022). Telehealth Versus Face-to-face Psychotherapy for Less Common Mental Health Conditions: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. JMIR Mental Health, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.2196/31780

Hartmann, A. S., Staufenbiel, T., Bielefeld, L., Buhlmann, U., Heinrichs, N., Martin, A., Ritter, V., Kollei, I., & Grocholewski, A. (2020). An empirically derived recommendation for the classification of body dysmorphic disorder: Findings from structural equation modeling. PLOS ONE, 15(6), e0233153. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233153

Hezel, D. M., & Simpson, H. B. (2019). Exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and new directions. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(7), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_516_18

International OCD Foundation. (2019). What Causes OCD? International OCD Foundation. https://iocdf.org/about-ocd/what-causes-ocd/

Kalanthroff, E., & Wheaton, M. G. (2022). An Integrative Model for Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Merging Cognitive Behavioral Theory with Insights from Clinical Neuroscience. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(24), 7379. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247379

National Institute of Mental Health. (2022). Obsessive-Compulsive disorder. Www.nimh.nih.gov; National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd

Pittenger, C., & Bloch, M. H. (2019). Pharmacological Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 37(3), 375–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2014.05.006

Regier, D. A., Kuhl, E. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2019). The DSM-5: Classification and criteria changes. World Psychiatry, 12(2), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20050

Stanford Medicine. (2022). History. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. https://med.stanford.edu/ocd/treatment/history.html

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019, June). Table 3.13, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Comparison. Nih.gov; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t13/

Van Noppen, B., Sassano-Higgins, S., Appasani, R., & Sapp, F. (2021). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: 2021 Update. FOCUS, 19(4), 430–443. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20210015

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