BHA FPX 4108 Assessment 2 Potential Community Health Intervention

BHA FPX 4108 Assessment 2 Potential Community Health Intervention:

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Potential Community Health Intervention

Extreme weather and climatic phenomena, such as heat waves, cyclones, and floods, are manifestations of climatic variability. These and other climate change-related disasters, such wildfires, have a detrimental effect on mental health and general wellness in addition to dramatically raising the incidence of disease and death among humans. Over the past few decades, the detrimental effects of catastrophic events on health have diminished; however, climate change and an increase in the population residing in high-risk locations have the potential to revers this trend. Prolonged shifts in Earth’s energy balance are increasing the frequency and power of many extreme events and the chance of compound catastrophes (Walsh et al., 2020).

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Health Systems Resilient to Climate Change

Even while most health hazards associated with these occurrences cannot be completely avoided, building climate-resilient health systems could assist reduce risk and improve readiness, responsiveness, recovery, and risk (Zscheischler et al., 2020). Through the implementation of vulnerability and adaptation assessments and the creation of health system adaptation plans, the identification of key initiatives to successfully reduce risks such as disaster risk management and more resilient infrastructure can be accomplished. There is an urgent risk, so something needs to be done.

BHA FPX 4108 Assessment 2 Potential Community Health Intervention

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Climate Change’s Effects

Additionally, there is a rise in climate-related occurrences such as wildfires.396 catastrophes occurred globally in 2019; one of these resulted in 11,755 fatalities, affected 95 million additional people, and cost over $302 billion USD. Asia was the most badly affected continent, accounting for 40% of the incidents, 45% of the fatalities, and 74% of all affected individuals. 68% of those impacted worldwide were as a result of storms and floods (Vilar et al., 2021). Due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, changes in land use, and other factors impacting the global energy balance, the frequency and severity of many extreme weather and climate events are changing; some regions are experiencing an increase in heat waves, floods, and droughts.

BHA FPX 4108 Assessment 2 Potential Community Health Intervention

Disasters

According to the International Federation of Red Cross Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) 2020, a catastrophe is generally defined as a sudden, catastrophic event that surpasses the ability of a community or society to recover via its own resources and damages its ability to function. A moderately strong event that occurs in a highly sensitive population can have an extreme impact on a community or region, such as a notable increase in mortality, without the requirement for an extreme event to occur (Krichen et al., 2024). On the other hand, if a community is ready, a catastrophic event might not have such a severe effect.

Incredible Accidents Affected by Change in Climate

The worldwide land-surface air temperature has risen by 1.53°C over the preindustrial era of 1850–1900, with notable regional warming variations. Compared to the 0.87°C documented warming across land and ocean combined, this increase is noticeably larger. Significant fluctuations in local climate features, like extremes, are predicted by climate models. In an attempt to determine how climate change influences the frequency and/or intensity of severe events, detection and attribution analytical tools are becoming more and more prevalent.

For example, Tropical Storm Imelda’s heavy rainfall in mid-September 2019 caused significant flooding in Southeast Texas, affecting an estimated 6.6 million people and leading to over 1,000 rescue operations and five fatalities (Huckelba & Van Lange, 2020). For the majority of geographical areas, warming has resulted in a rise in the frequency, severity, and duration of extreme occurrences between 1850 and 1900.

BHA FPX 4108 Assessment 2 Potential Community Health Intervention 

Observations

The following observations were incorporated in the 2019 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Climate Change and Land, which came to this conclusion:

1. The frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events increased globally.
2. There has been an increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts in some places, including the Mediterranean, West Asia, much of Africa, South America, and Northeastern Asia.
3. In a number of dryland regions, including sub-Saharan Africa, parts of East and Central Asia, and Australia, desertification has been connected to increased land-surface air temperatures, higher evapotranspiration, and lower levels of precipitation in conjunction with climatic variability and human activity (Lahsen & Ribot, 2021).
4. The past several decades have seen an increase in the frequency and intensity of dust storms in many dryland regions, including the Arabian Peninsula and the greater Middle East and Central Asia. These changes have been attributed to both climate-related variables and changes in land use and land cover. (Eggers, 2020)

Risks to the Health System and Population Health from Extreme Events Influenced by Climate Change

Over the previous ten years, the average death toll from disasters has been 60,000, or 0.1% of all deaths globally, with an uneven but usually declining trend. However, the total number of fatalities from all disasters varies substantially from year to year. Even though the events might not have been avoided, improved disaster risk management, stronger infrastructure, and better predictions and early warnings could have prevented a significant chunk of the death toll. A limited handful of severe disasters accounted for the majority of these fatalities. On the other hand, climate change increases the likelihood that future events will be too large or intense for sufficient preparation (Ebi et al., 2021).  

The following sections describe the threats that extreme weather occurrences, such as wildfires, droughts, floods, and high temperatures, bring to public health and the healthcare system. The following is a discussion of the mental health issues related to these catastrophic events caused by climate change.

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Elevated Outside Temperatures

Warm weather can have a number of detrimental consequences on health, including discomfort, life-threatening illnesses requiring hospitalization, death, and adjustments to work and leisure schedules, among other things (Weilnhammer et al., 2021).

Heat Wave-Related Morbidity and Mortality

Globally speaking, there have been more hot days and nights than cold ones since the 1950s. Rising temperatures and human health are intimately associated with heat-related illnesses and deaths (heat exhaustion, heat syncope, and heat stroke); an individual’s risk is mostly determined by their exposure, susceptibility, and location. There are big differences in heat tolerance between populations and regions (Rocque et al., 2021). The human body may physiologically adapt to heat to a certain extent, depending on individual factors, the local environment, and the intensity of heat exposure. 

Occupational Safety

The risk of physiological heat strain and other heat-related disorders is increased when working in hot settings (Ioannou et al., 2022). Exertion heat stroke is a deadly condition that can also strike young, otherwise healthy workers who engage in physically demanding jobs. Those working a single shift in heat stress settings were four times more likely to have occupational heat strain than those working in thermoneutral conditions, according to a global meta-analysis by Flouris et al. based on 11,582 workers across 9 studies. Workers who work in environments with inadequate ventilation and point heat sources are also at risk.

Leisure Management

High temperatures can have a detrimental effect on those who play outdoor sports and leisure activities, which is a growing challenge for the sports industry (Morris et al., 2020). Each year, heat-related exhaustion diseases cause thousands of incapacitating health outcomes, and heat is one of the main factors contributing to athletes’ unexpected death, according to studies by Casa DJ, DeMartini JK, Bergeron MF, and Csillan D. For big events that are prone to extreme heat, like the Tokyo Olympics, weather and climate data should be taken into consideration while choosing venues and event schedules. 

Droughts

Since it can be difficult to determine when a drought ends and begins, the causal pathways linking droughts and health effects can be complicated and difficult to track. When pollution concentrations rise, the most widely acknowledged process is a reduction in the quantity and quality of water accessible for societal uses. A multitude of freshwater viruses under the ideal conditions produced by warm, stagnant waters as a result of dryness.

Floods

According to the Emergency Events Database, 10,009 extreme weather events that resulted in disasters between 1969 and 2018 caused over two million deaths and slightly under four million episodes of illness. Floods (47%) and storms (30%) were the most common extreme weather events worldwide between 1969 and 2018, with a growing tendency. Storms were responsible for 39% of direct weather-related deaths worldwide, with droughts coming in second with 34% and floods with 6% (Ioannou, Foster, et al., 2022). After floods begin, drowning is the most common cause of death.

BHA FPX 4108 Assessment 2 Potential Community Health Intervention

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Conclusion

Over the coming decades, a variety of extreme weather and climatic events will grow more common and intense, which might have a significant impact on population populations and global health care systems. Thorough research before, during, and after catastrophes can help evaluate the effectiveness of integrated disaster risk management and adaptation strategies. Additionally, assessments of population health and the capacity and vulnerabilities of the health system can be improved by this research. Low-cost examples of these strategies include community intervention programs, individual occupational health treatments, early warning systems at the city level, and health facility resilience building projects. 

References

Ebi, K. L., Vanos, J., Baldwin, J. W., Bell, J. E., Hondula, D. M., Errett, N. A., Hayes, K., Reid, C. E., Saha, S., Spector, J., & Berry, P. (2021). Extreme Weather and Climate Change: Population Health and Health System Implications. Annual Review of Public Health, 42(1), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105026

Eggers, F. (2020). Masters of disasters? Challenges and Opportunities for SMEs in Times of Crisis. Journal of Business Research, 116(1), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.025

Huckelba, A. L., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2020). The Silent Killer: Consequences of Climate Change and How to Survive Past the Year 2050. Sustainability, 12(9), 3757. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093757

Ioannou, L. G., Foster, J., Morris, N. B., Piil, J. F., Havenith, G., Mekjavic, I. B., Kenny, G. P., Nybo, L., & Flouris, A. D. (2022). Occupational heat strain in outdoor workers: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Temperature, 9(1), 67–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2022.2030634

Ioannou, L. G., Mantzios, K., Tsoutsoubi, L., Notley, S. R., Dinas, P. C., Brearley, M., Epstein, Y., Havenith, G., Sawka, M. N., Bröde, P., Mekjavic, I. B., Kenny, G. P., Bernard, T. E., Nybo, L., & Flouris, A. D. (2022). Indicators to assess physiological heat strain – Part 1: Systematic review. Temperature, 9(3), 227–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2022.2037376

Krichen, M., Abdalzaher, M. S., Elwekeil, M., & Fouda, M. M. (2024). Managing natural disasters: An analysis of technological advancements, opportunities, and challenges. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, 4, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.09.002

Lahsen, M., & Ribot, J. (2021). Politics of attributing extreme events and disasters to climate change. WIREs Climate Change, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.750

Morris, N. B., Jay, O., Flouris, A. D., Casanueva, A., Gao, C., Foster, J., Havenith, G., & Nybo, L. (2020). Sustainable solutions to mitigate occupational heat strain – an umbrella review of physiological effects and global health perspectives. Environmental Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-020-00641-7

Rocque, R. J., Beaudoin, C., Ndjaboue, R., Cameron, L., Poirier-Bergeron, L., Poulin-Rheault, R.-A., Fallon, C., Tricco, A. C., & Witteman, H. O. (2021). Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046333

Vilar, L., Herrera, S., Tafur-García, E., Yebra, M., Martínez-Vega, J., Echavarría, P., & Martín, M. P. (2021). Modelling wildfire occurrence at regional scale from land use/cover and climate change scenarios. Environmental Modelling & Software, 145, 105200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105200

Walsh, J. E., Ballinger, T. J., Euskirchen, E. S., Hanna, E., Mård, J., Overland, J. E., Tangen, H., & Vihma, T. (2020). Extreme weather and climate events in northern areas: A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 209, 103324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103324

Weilnhammer, V., Schmid, J., Mittermeier, I., Schreiber, F., Jiang, L., Pastuhovic, V., Herr, C., & Heinze, S. (2021). Extreme weather events in europe and their health consequences – A systematic review. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 233, 113688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113688

Zscheischler, J., Martius, O., Westra, S., Bevacqua, E., Raymond, C., Horton, R. M., van den Hurk, B., AghaKouchak, A., Jézéquel, A., Mahecha, M. D., Maraun, D., Ramos, A. M., Ridder, N. N., Thiery, W., & Vignotto, E. (2020). A typology of compound weather and climate events. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1(7), 333–347. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0060-z

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