Case Study For Cardiovascular And Respiratory Systems Discussion

Case Study For Cardiovascular And Respiratory Systems Discussion

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Introduction

The patient is a 76-year-old female presenting with complaints of shortness of breath, weight gain, peripheral edema, abdominal swelling, and orthopnea. The patient was diagnosed with congestive heart failure but was not taking her diuretics because it increased urination at night. This paper explains the pathophysiologic processes that cause the presenting symptoms and the ethnic or racial variables that affect physiological functioning. Case Study For Cardiovascular And Respiratory Systems Discussion

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The Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Processes that result in the presenting Symptoms

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s requirements due to decreased cardiac output. Congestive heart failure results from several abnormalities in the heart such as structural abnormalities of the heart like muscle loss, primary muscle disease, and functional abnormalities like increased demand (McDonagh & Dargie, 2022). Failure to pump blood from the heart to the rest of the body causes blood to build up in the heart, causing more overload and damage to the heart. This causes poor oxygen supply to the peripheral tissues and the brain and hence the patient presents with symptoms like shortness of breath, dyspnea, and orthopnea.

The pump failure also causes fluid to build up in other organs like the lungs and liver. This results in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema from lung congestion, which causes poor ventilation and perfusion leading to a mismatch. This also causes the symptoms of difficulty in breathing, shortness of breath, and easy fatigability (Schwinger, 2021)Case Study For Cardiovascular And Respiratory Systems Discussion. Pulmonary edema causes a reduction in lung compliance, which is worse when lying down, known as orthopnea.

Congestive heart failure also leads to impairment of venous return and increases the venous volume. This increases hydrostatic pressure and fluid infiltration into the abdomen and accumulation in the peritoneal cavity hence the ascites (Abassi et al., 2022). Peripheral edema and rapid weight gain results from excessive fluid build-up in the body.

Racial/ethnic Variables that may affect Physiological Functioning in CHF and how they interact to affect the Patient

There are several risk factors associated with the development of congestive heart failure including coronary artery diseases, high blood pressure, and cardiomyopathies. These factors may be associated with certain racial variables that also increase the likelihood of getting the disease, the presentation, progression, and outcome. Certain genetic factors play a role in the pathophysiology and progress of CHF such as the gene coding for angiotensin-converting enzyme responsible for the regulation of blood pressure and water balance in the body (Kaviarasan et al., 2022). Higher sodium levels in the body increase the risk of hypertension and subsequently heart failure. This is common among blacks and African Americans as opposed to other races (Czepluch et al., 2018).

Other variables that affect the physiological process in CHF include socioeconomic status, which affects healthcare access. Lower socioeconomic status affects one’s access to healthcare services like preventive education, treatment, and follow-up (Asghari-Jafarabadi et al., 2022)Case Study For Cardiovascular And Respiratory Systems Discussion. Patients diagnosed with heart failure may fail to comply with medications because of cost and affordability, which increase morbidity and mortality. Cultural factors like health-seeking behaviors and diet also affect the pathophysiology of heart failure.

References

Abassi, Z., Khoury, E. E., Karram, T., & Aronson, D. (2022). Edema formation in congestive heart failure and the underlying mechanisms. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.933215

Asghari-Jafarabadi, M., Gholipour, K., Khodayari-Zarnaq, R., Azmin, M., & Alizadeh, G. (2022). Estimation of myocardial infarction death in Iran: Artificial neural network. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-022-02871-8

Czepluch, F. S., Wollnik, B., & Hasenfuß, G. (2018). Genetic determinants of heart failure: Facts and numbers. ESC Heart Failure, 5(3), 211-217. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12267

Kaviarasan, V., Mohammed, V., & Veerabathiran, R. (2022). Genetic predisposition study of heart failure and its association with cardiomyopathy. The Egyptian Heart Journal, 74(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43044-022-00240-6

McDonagh, T. A., & Dargie, H. J. (2022). The pathophysiology of heart failure. Oxford Textbook of Heart Failure, 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766223.003.0013

Schwinger, R. H. (2021). Pathophysiology of heart failure. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7944197/Case Study For Cardiovascular And Respiratory Systems Discussion

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NURS 6501 MODULE 2 ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

TOPIC: CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS:

An understanding of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the fact that these two systems work so closely together. A variety of factors and circumstances that impact the emergence and severity of issues in one system can have a role in the performance of the other.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their capacity to work together. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact.

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health. Case Study For Cardiovascular And Respiratory Systems Discussion

CASE STUDY

76-year-old female patient complains of weight gain, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and abdominal swelling. She has a history of congestive heart failure and admits to not taking her diuretic, as it makes her “have to get up every couple hours to go to the bathroom.” She now has to sleep on two pillows in order to get enough air.

The Assignment

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following

• The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
• Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
• How these processes interact to affect the patient. Case Study For Cardiovascular And Respiratory Systems Discussion
  

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Required Readings

• McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
  • Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems; Summary Review
  • Chapter 33: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function (stop at Dysrhythmias); Summary Review
  • Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System; Summary Review
  • Chapter 36: Alterations of Pulmonary Function (stop at Disorders of the chest wall and pleura); (obstructive pulmonary diseases) (stop at Pulmonary artery hypertension); Summary Review

Note: The above chapters were first presented in the Week 3 resources. If you read them previously you are encouraged to review them this week Case Study For Cardiovascular And Respiratory Systems Discussion