NUR 502 Cardiovascular Pulmonary PowerPoint Presentation

Sample Answer for NUR 502 Cardiovascular Pulmonary PowerPoint Presentation

Introduction 

• Cardiovascular disorders have significant population health impacts​
• Prevention and timely management improve outcomes ​
• Appropriate assessments guide disease diagnosis and management ​
• Presentation focuses on hypertension 

Incidence and Prevalence of Hypertension ​

• Hypertension contributed to 691095 deaths in 2021 in USA​
• 48.1% of adults have hypertension ​
• I in 4 adults have controlled hypertension, 45% have uncontrolled hypertension ​
• Hypertension costs the US $131 billion annually ​
• Prevalence was 49.64% in 2017-2018​
• Men have higher prevalence (50%) than women (44%)​
• More common in non-Hispanic black adults (56%( than non-Hispanic white adults (48%)

Pathophysiology of Hypertension 

• Sympathetic nervous system dysfunction initiates hypertension development​
• Altered Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system also plays a role ​
• Endothelial dysfunction also contributes to hypertension ​
• Increased availability of vasoactive substances induce mechanisms associated with hypertension 

• Inflammatory and immune processes also lead to hypertension ​
• Genetic alterations predispose individuals to hypertension​
• Environmental risks such as increased dietary intake of salt and unhealthy diets implicated in hypertension​
• Microbiome also modulates hypertension occurrence 

Assessment of Hypertension 

• History taking ​
• Comprehensive physical examination ​
• Accurate measurement of blood pressure ​
• Assessing organ involvement through laboratory and diagnostic investigations 

Treatment of Hypertension: Non-Pharmacological Treatments  

• Weight reduction ​
• Dietary salt reduction ​
• Regular aerobic exercises ​
• Smoking cessation ​
• Reduction of alcohol consumption 

Pharmacological Management of Hypertension

• Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors​
• Angiotensin receptor inhibitors ​
• Calcium channel blockers​
• Diuretics 
• Beta blockers​
• Aldosterone antagonists ​
• Alpha blockers ​
• Catheter-based treatments for resistant hypertension

Patient Education in Hypertension

• Regular physical activity​
• Weight control​
• Stress reduction ​
• Smoking cessation 
• Reduced alcohol intake​
• Reduced dietary salt intake ​
• Treatment adherence ​
• Self-monitoring of blood pressure

Cultural and Spiritual Considerations 

• Culture and religious affiliation influence treatment adherence​
• Culture influences patient’s perceived susceptibility to disease ​
• Spirituality might contribute to poor adherence based on patient’s belief on divine healing ​
• Treatment plans should align with patient’s preferences and values​
• Nurses should educate patients to increase their understanding and lower effects of culture and spirituality on treatment adherence 

Effects of Hypertension on the Elderly

• Hypertension prevalence is the highest among patients aged 60 years and above (63.1%)​
• High rates seen among non-Hispanic black elder patients ​
• The risk increases with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, or a family history of hypertension ​
• Social determinants of health influence health outcomes in elderly patients with hypertension 

Hypertension Disease Burden in Elderly Population

• Increased healthcare spending ​
• Increased risk of hypertension-related complications ​
• Poor quality of life​
• Premature mortalities 

Conclusion

• Hypertension is a crucial population health problem​
• Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments effective for hypertension ​
• Patient-centered education important for optimum outcomes ​
• Hypertension has adverse effects on the elderly populations 

References 

Burnier, M., Polychronopoulou, E., & Wuerzner, G. (2020). Hypertension and Drug Adherence in the Elderly. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 7, 524790. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2020.00049​

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CDC. (2019, June 6). Products—Data Briefs—Number 289—October 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db289.htm​

CDC. (2023, July 6). Facts About Hypertension | cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm​

Chobufo, M. D., Gayam, V., Soluny, J., Rahman, E. U., Enoru, S., Foryoung, J. B., Agbor, V. N., Dufresne, A., & Nfor, T. (2020). Prevalence and control rates of hypertension in the USA: 2017–2018. International Journal of Cardiology Hypertension, 6, 100044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchy.2020.100044​

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Harrison, D. G., Coffman, T. M., & Wilcox, C. S. (2021). Pathophysiology of Hypertension. Circulation Research, 128(7), 847–863. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318082​

Ni, W., Yuan, X., Zhang, J., Li, P., Zhang, H. M., Zhang, Y., & Xu, J. (2021). Original research: Factors associated with treatment and control of hypertension among elderly adults in Shenzhen, China: a large-scale cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 11(8). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044892​

Oliveros, E., Patel, H., Kyung, S., Fugar, S., Goldberg, A., Madan, N., & Williams, K. A. (2020). Hypertension in older adults: Assessment, management, and challenges. Clinical Cardiology, 43(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23303

Putri, S. E., Rekawati, E., & Wati, D. N. K. (2021). Effectiveness of Self-Management on Adherence to Self-Care and on Health Status among Elderly People with Hypertension. Journal of Public Health Research, 10(1_suppl), jphr.2021.2406. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2021.2406​

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