NUR 600 Module 6 Discussion Treatments for Genitourinary Tract Disorders

Sample Answer for NUR 600 Module 6 Discussion Treatments for Genitourinary Tract Disorders

Discussion 6 Pharmacology 

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1.  A urinary tract infection is categorized as an infection that may occur in any part of the urinary system. The urinary system is made up of the ureters, bladder, kidney, and urethra (Byron, 2019). Usually, it occurs due to an infection that enters through the urethra and works its way up the urinary system.  Aside from it being caused by a bacteria known as Escherichia Coli, it may also result from taking oral contraceptives, use of catheters, sexual activity, or urinary retention (Byron, 2019). Symptoms associated will be a frequent urge to urinate, a burning feeling when urinating, the urine may become cloudy and with a strong odor, and pelvic pain. In order to treat this condition, one would prescribe antibiotics in order to take care of the bacteria occurring (Byron, 2019). It is essential to educate patients on the importance of drinking fluids, urinating as soon as the urge arises, and keeping areas with good hygiene (Byron, 2019). 

2.  Benign prostatic hyperplasia is when there is an enlargement in the prostate gland specifically in men. Treatment that may be ordered depends on how severe the condition is on the patient (Langan, 2019). Symptoms are evaluated in order to determine what treatment would work best. If symptoms appear to be mild, then one might consider just monitor the prostate. Patients are educated to avoid alcohol and caffeine, and use bathroom as needed (Langan, 2019). On more severe symptoms medications would be ordered such as alpha-blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors. Alpha-blockers relax the muscles while the 5-alpha reductase is used to shrink the size of the pancreas (Langan, 2019). Lastly, procedures that may be done are transurethral resection of the pancreas, transurethral microwave therapy, and transurethral needle ablation (Langan, 2019). These procedures may be used to reduce or eliminate the condition of the pancreas (Langan, 2019). 

3.    Overactive bladder is when an individual experiences frequent urge to urinate which as a result the patient experiences loss of urine. This occurs due to, an overactive detrusor muscle (Robinson et al., 2019). Other causes may include bladder irritation, neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s’ muscle/nerve damage, urinary tract infections, and irritants to the bladder such as alcohol, spicy foods, or caffeine (Robinson et al., 2019). Symptoms these individuals might experience are the need to urinate often more than 8x a day, nocturia, and the urgency to urinate (Robinson et al., 2019). Treatment is usually accompanied by behavioral therapies such as bladder training, medications may also be prescribed known as anticholinergics, beta-3 agonists, and botox could also be an alternative to injecting the bladder with (Robinson et al., 2019). Lastly, nerve stimulation and surgery would be the last resort to treat the condition. 

4.   Depending on the STI involved patients might require different medication regimens. To begin, with Chlamydia treatment will include antibiotics such as azithromycin (Kularatne et al., 2018). Gonorrhea is also treated with antibiotics known as ceftriaxone or cefixime. Syphilis is a bit different depending on the severity (Kularatne et al., 2018). It may be treated with either oral antibiotics if mild or penicillin injections. It is of high importance to educate patients on taking the full course of antibiotics and informing partners of the diagnosis. Partners should be tested and treated if necessary (Kularatne et al., 2018). Also educate on following up with healthcare providers to ensure treatment is effective. In conclusion, it is important for these patients to practice safe and protected intercourse and make getting tested a regular formality (Kularatne et al., 2018). 

References  

Byron, J. K. (2019). Urinary tract infection. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 49(2), 211-221. 

Langan, R. C. (2019). Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 46(2), 223-232. 

Robinson, D., & Cardozo, L. (2019). Managing overactive bladder. Climacteric, 22(3), 250-256. 

Kularatne, R. S., Niit, R., Rowley, J., Kufa-Chakezha, T., Peters, R. P., Taylor, M. M., … & Korenromp, E. L. (2018). Adult gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis prevalence, incidence, treatment and syndromic case reporting in South Africa: Estimates using the Spectrum-STI model, 1990-2017. PLoS One, 13(10), e0205863. 

Sample Answer 2 for NUR 600 Module 6 Discussion Treatments for Genitourinary Tract Disorders

from Jennifer Sanri 

1. Describe urinary tract infection, causes, symptoms and treatment 

A urinary tract infection, also known as a UTI, is an infection that occurs when bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli, infect various areas of the urinary tract. These portions of the urinary tract include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Sexual activity, some contraceptives, menopause, and blockages such as kidney stones are all variables that can increase the risk of colon cancer. Infections can create a variety of symptoms, which vary depending on the location of the infection. Some of these symptoms include a continuous urge to urinate, a burning sensation during urination, urine that is hazy or bloody, and urine that smells strongly. More serious infections can also cause back pain, fever, and nausea. According to Renko et al. (2022), antibiotics are the primary modality of treatment, with the type of antibiotic and the duration of treatment being determined by the severity of the illness. Patients are also permitted to get pain medications and are encouraged to consume a large amount of fluids frequently. Maintaining proper personal cleanliness, drinking plenty of water, and peeing after sexual activity are all preventative actions that can be taken to reduce the likelihood of transmission. 

2. Discuss treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia 

     Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a common prostate gland growth in elderly men, which can hinder urinary function and quality of life. Multiple factors—hormonal changes, genetic predispositions, and prostate inflammation—cause BPH. As men age, the balance between androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and estrogens alters, which may drive prostate development (Delvin et al., 2021). Familial patterns and genetic indicators enhance BPH risk. Chronic inflammation, presumably caused by infections or autoimmune reactions, may promote prostate cell growth and gland size. BPH development is also linked to cell growth factors including FGFs and IGFs. To address the disease’s complexity, treatment options include hormonal therapies like 5α-reductase inhibitors, alpha-adrenoceptor blockers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and surgical interventions for severity. These routes are being studied to produce more effective and focused BPH treatments to enhance management and patient outcomes. As BPH knowledge grows, these discoveries may lead to new treatment strategies that target the fundamental causes.  

4.Describe overactive bladder, causes, symptoms and treatment  

     Overactive Bladder (OAB) syndrome, which causes urine urgency, frequency, nocturia, and perhaps urgent urinary incontinence, interrupts everyday living and lowers quality of life. According to scarneciu et al. (2021), management is difficult since the disease has no infection or pathology. Detrusor overactivity, where involuntary bladder contractions during the filling phase cause urgency; age-related changes that affect bladder muscle function and neurological control; hormonal fluctuations, particularly postmenopausal estrogen decrease in women; and lifestyle factors like obesity can increase bladder pressure and inflammation. Excess caffeine or alcohol, certain drugs, and diabetes are other factors. Behavioral changes including bladder training, hydration and nutritional control, and pelvic floor exercises may be used to enhance life quality. Antimuscarinic drugs diminish urgency and frequency, while beta-3 agonists like mirabegron relax the bladder muscle with less adverse effects. Advanced therapy including neuromodulation—sacral or percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation—and intravesical botulinum toxin injections are investigated for nonresponders. Surgical procedures such augmentation cystoplasty or urine diversion may be needed in severe situations. OAB therapy requires a tailored, interdisciplinary strategy that commonly combines medicines to address the syndrome’s complexity and improve patient results. 

3.Treatment options and recommendations for different STIs (Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and Syphilis) 

     According to Tuddenham at al. (2022), in 2018, one in five US individuals had a STI, a serious public health issue. Gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, Mycoplasma genitalium, trichomoniasis, and genital herpes each present distinct diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative issues. Recently, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis rates have risen, requiring effective diagnosis and treatment methods. For asymptomatic infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have revolutionized infection diagnosis due to their excellent sensitivity and specificity. Ceftriaxone, doxycycline, penicillin, moxifloxacin, and metronidazole are used to treat gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, Mycoplasma gemini, and trichomoniasis. Antimicrobial resistance, notably in gonorrhea and Mycoplasma genitalium, is challenging existing techniques, decreasing the efficacy of standard oral medicines and emphasizing the need for new ones. Genital herpes, caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, is incurable and treated by controlling symptoms and limiting transmission. Young people, sexual and gender minorities, and racial and ethnic minorities, who have higher STI rates, are screened more often as part of public health initiatives to prevent these infections. To stop the spread, thorough sex education, condom usage, and rigorous contact tracking are also needed. STIs need continual research into new diagnostic and treatment approaches, public health policy changes, and education to minimize stigma and promote safe sexual behaviors. 

Reference 

Devlin, C. M., Simms, M. S., & Maitland, N. J. (2021). Benign prostatic hyperplasia–what do we know?. BJU international, 127(4), 389-399. 

Renko, M., Salo, J., Ekstrand, M., Pokka, T., Pieviläinen, O., Uhari, M., & Tapiainen, T. (2022). Meta-analysis of the risk factors for urinary tract infection in children. The Pediatric infectious   disease journal, 41(10), 787-792. 

Scarneciu, I., Lupu, S., Bratu, O. G., Teodorescu, A., Maxim, L. S., Brinza, A., … & Scarneciu, C. C. (2021). Overactive bladder: A review and update. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22(6), 1-8 

Tuddenham, S., Hamill, M. M., & Ghanem, K. G. (2022). Diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections: a review. Jama, 327(2), 161-172.