NURS 6501 Week 6 Knowledge Check: Endocrine Disorders

NURS 6501 Week 6 Knowledge Check: Endocrine Disorders – Step-by-Step Guide

The first step before starting to write the NURS 6501 Week 6 Knowledge Check: Endocrine Disorders, it is essential to understand the requirements of the assignment. The first step is to read the assignment prompt carefully to identify the topic, the length and format requirements. You should go through the rubric provided so that you can understand what is needed to score the maximum points for each part of the assignment. 

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It is also important to identify the audience of the paper and its purpose so that it can help you determine the tone and style to use throughout. You can then create a timeline to help you complete each stage of the paper, such as conducting research, writing the paper, and revising it to avoid last-minute stress before the deadline. After identifying the formatting style to be applied to the paper, such as APA, you should review its use, such as writing citations and referencing the resources used. You should also review how to format the title page and the headings in the paper.

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6501 Week 6 Knowledge Check: Endocrine Disorders

The next step in preparing for your paper is to conduct research and identify the best sources to use to support your arguments. Identify the list of keywords from your topic using different combinations. The first step is to visit the university library and search through its database using the important keywords related to your topic. You can also find books, peer-reviewed articles, and credible sources for your topic from PubMed, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. Ensure that you select the references that have been published in the last words and go through each to check for credibility. Ensure that you obtain the references in the required format, for example, in APA, so that you can save time when creating the final reference list. 

You can also group the references according to their themes that align with the outline of the paper. Go through each reference for its content and summarize the key concepts, arguments and findings for each source. You can write down your reflections on how each reference connects to the topic you are researching about. After the above steps, you can develop a strong thesis that is clear, concise and arguable. Next you should create a detailed outline of the paper so that it can help you to create headings and subheadings to be used in the paper. Ensure that you plan what point will go into each paragraph.

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6501 Week 6 Knowledge Check: Endocrine Disorders

The introduction of the paper is the most crucial part as it helps to provide the context of your work, and will determine if the reader will be interested to read through to the end. You should start with a hook, which will help capture the reader’s attention. You should contextualize the topic by offering the reader a concise overview of the topic you are writing about so that they may understand its importance. You should state what you aim to achieve with the paper. The last part of the introduction should be your thesis statement, which provides the main argument of the paper.

How to Write the Body for NURS 6501 Week 6 Knowledge Check: Endocrine Disorders

The body of the paper helps you to present your arguments and evidence to support your claims. You can use headings and subheadings developed in the paper’s outline to guide you on how to organize the body. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence to help the reader know what point you will be discussing in that paragraph. Support your claims using the evidence conducted from the research, ensure that you cite each source properly using in-text citations. You should analyze the evidence presented and explain its significance and how it connects to the thesis statement. You should maintain a logical flow between each paragraph by using transition words and a flow of ideas.

How to Write the In-text Citations for NURS 6501 Week 6 Knowledge Check: Endocrine Disorders

In-text citations help the reader to give credit to the authors of the references they have used in their works. All ideas that have been borrowed from references, any statistics and direct quotes must be referenced properly. The name and date of publication of the paper should be included when writing an in-text citation. For example, in APA, after stating the information, you can put an in-text citation after the end of the sentence, such as (Smith, 2021). If you are quoting directly from a source, include the page number in the citation, for example (Smith, 2021, p. 15). Remember to also include a corresponding reference list at the end of your paper that provides full details of each source cited in your text. An example paragraph highlighting the use of in-text citations is as below:

The integration of technology in nursing practice has significantly transformed patient care and improved health outcomes. According to Smith (2021), the use of electronic health records (EHRs) has streamlined communication among healthcare providers, allowing for more coordinated and efficient care delivery. Furthermore, Johnson and Brown (2020) highlight that telehealth services have expanded access to care, particularly for patients in rural areas, thereby reducing barriers to treatment.

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6501 Week 6 Knowledge Check: Endocrine Disorders

When writing the conclusion of the paper, start by restarting your thesis, which helps remind the reader what your paper is about. Summarize the key points of the paper, by restating them. Discuss the implications of your findings and your arguments. End with a call to action that leaves a lasting impact on the reader or recommendations.

How to Format the Reference List for NURS 6501 Week 6 Knowledge Check: Endocrine Disorders

The reference helps provide the reader with the complete details of the sources you cited in the paper. The reference list should start with the title “References” on a new page. It should be aligned center and bolded. The references should be organized in an ascending order alphabetically and each should have a hanging indent. If a source has no author, it should be alphabetized by the title of the work, ignoring any initial articles such as “A,” “An,” or “The.” If you have multiple works by the same author, list them in chronological order, starting with the earliest publication. 

Each reference entry should include specific elements depending on the type of source. For books, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the book in italics, the edition (if applicable), and the publisher’s name. For journal articles, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the article (not italicized), the title of the journal in italics, the volume number in italics, the issue number in parentheses (if applicable), and the page range of the article. For online sources, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or the URL at the end of the reference. An example reference list is as follows:

References

Johnson, L. M., & Brown, R. T. (2020). The role of telehealth in improving patient outcomes. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 35(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000456

Smith, J. A. (2021). The impact of technology on nursing practice. Health Press.

NURS 6501 Week 6 Knowledge Check: Endocrine Disorders Instructions

In this exercise, you will complete a 5-essay type question Knowledge Check to gauge your understanding of this module’s content.  

Possible topics covered in this Knowledge Check include:

• Diabetes
• Hyper- and hypothyroidism
• Adrenal disorders
• Parathyroidism (hyper and hypo)
• Checks & balances / negative feedback
• Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
• Pheochromocytosis
• Diabetes insipidus
• Diabetic ketoacidosis

Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

Scenario 1: Syndrome of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

A 77-year-old female was brought to the clinic by her daughter who stated that her mother had become slightly confused over the past several days. She had been stumbling at home and had fallen twice but was able to walk with some difficulty. She had no other obvious problems and had been eating and drinking. The daughter became concerned when she forgot her daughter’s name, so she thought she better bring her to the clinic.  

HPI: Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) with peripheral neuropathy x 30 years. Emphysema. Situational depression after death of spouse 6-months ago 

SHFH: – non contributary except for 40 pack/year history tobacco use.  

Meds: Metformin 1000 mg po BID, ASA 81 mg po qam, escitalopram (Lexapro) 5 mg po q am started 2 months ago 

Labs-CBC WNL; Chem 7- Glucose-102 mg/dl, BUN 16 mg/dl, Creatinine 1.1 mg/dl, Na⁺116 mmol/L, 

K⁺4.2 mmol/L, CO₂37 m mol/L, Cl^–97 mmol/L.  

The APRN refers the patient to the ED and called endocrinology for a consult for diagnosis and management of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). 

Question:

1.     Define SIADH and identify any patient characteristics that may have contributed to the development of SIADH 

Scenario 2: Type 1 Diabetes

A 14-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician’s office by his parents who are concerned about their daughter’s weight loss despite eating more, frequent urination, unquenchable thirst, and fatigue that is interfering with her school activities. She had been seemingly healthy until about 4 months ago when her parents started noticing these symptoms. She admits to sleeping more and gets tired very easily. 

PMH: noncontributory.

Allergies-NKDA  

FH:- maternal uncle with “some kind of sugar diabetes problem” but parents unclear on the exact disease process 

SH: denies alcohol, tobacco or illicit drug use. Not sexually active. 

Labs: random glucose 244 mg/dl.  

DIAGNOSIS: Diabetes Mellitus type 1 and refers to an endocrinologist for further work up and management plan.  

Question

1.     Explain the pathophysiology of the three P’s for (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia)” with the given diagnosis of Type I DM.

Scenario 2: Type 1 Diabetes

A 14-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician’s office by his parents who are concerned about their daughter’s weight loss despite eating more, frequent urination, unquenchable thirst, and fatigue that is interfering with her school activities. She had been seemingly healthy until about 4 months ago when her parents started noticing these symptoms. She admits to sleeping more and gets tired very easily. 

PMH: noncontributory.

Allergies-NKDA  

FH:- maternal uncle with “some kind of sugar diabetes problem” but parents unclear on the exact disease process 

SH: denies alcohol, tobacco or illicit drug use. Not sexually active. 

Labs: random glucose 244 mg/dl.  

DIAGNOSIS: Diabetes Mellitus type 1 and refers to an endocrinologist for further work up and management plan.  

Question

1.    Explain the genetics relationship and how this and the environment can contribute to Type I DM.

Scenario 3: Type II DM

A 55-year-old male presents with complaints of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss. He also noted that his feet on the bottom are feeling “strange” “like ants crawling on them” and noted his vision is blurry sometimes. He has increased an increased appetite, but still losing weight. He also complains of “swelling” and enlargement of his abdomen.  

PMH: HTN – well controlled with medications. He has mixed hyperlipidemia, and central abdominal obesity. Physical exam unremarkable except for decreased filament test both feet. Random glucose in office 333 mg/dl.

Diagnosis: Type II DM and prescribes oral medication to control the glucose level and also referred the patient to a dietician for dietary teaching. 

Question:

1.     How would you describe the pathophysiology of Type II DM?  

Scenario 4: Hypothyroidism

A patient  walked into your  clinic today with the following complaints: Weight gain (15 pounds), however has a decreased appetite with extreme fatigue,  cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, and falls asleep watching television. The patient also tearfulness with depression, and with an unknown cause and has noted she is more forgetful.  She does have blurry vision.

PMH: Non-contributory.

Vitals: Temp 96.4˚F, pulse 58 and regular, BP 106/92,  12 respirations. Dull facial expression with coarse facial features. Periorbital puffiness noted.

Diagnosis: hypothyroidism.

Question:

What causes hypothyroidism?

NURS 6501 Week 6 Knowledge Check: Endocrine Disorders Example Approach

Define SIADH and identify any patient characteristics that may have contributed to the development of SIADH

SIADH is defined by hyperosmolality and hyponatremia originating from inappropriate release, continued secretion, and unsuppressed action of antidiuretic hormone despite normal or increased plasma volume impairing the excretion of water (Mentrasti et al., 2020). In the case scenario, patient characteristics associated with the development of SIADH deficiency include central nervous system disturbance and drugs. The patient has a history of trauma that affected her central nervous system with manifestations such as difficulty walking and memory impairment. Similarly, the patient takes escitalopram. According to Mentrasti et al. (2020), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as escitalopram enhance the release or effect of the antidiuretic hormone.

Explain the pathophysiology of the three P’s (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia) with the given diagnosis of type 1 DM

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Polyuria refers to excessive urination. Hyperglycemia results in an increased filtered load of glucose in urine. Glucose osmotically pulls water leading to polyuria (McCance & Huether, 2019). On the other hand, polydipsia refers to excessive thirst. As with polyuria, polydipsia is a consequence of hyperglycemia. In an effort to extrude excessive blood glucose, the kidneys lose water as glucose is an osmotically active agent. The resulting loss of body fluid stimulates increased water uptake. Finally, polyphagia refers to excessive hunger. In diabetes, the glucose available can’t enter the cells for energy production due t insulin deficiency. Similarly, excessive loss of glucose in urine stimulates the body to crave for more glucose hence polyphagia (McCance & Huether, 2019).

Explain the genetic relationship and how this and the environment can contribute to type 1 DM

Type 1 DM is a consequence of cell-mediated and autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. It is associated with a significant genetic predisposition particularly correlated with the major histocompatibility complex. For instance, polymorphisms of class II HLA genes encoding DR4-DR8, DR3-DR2, and DQ have been isolated in over 90% of patients with type 1 DM (McCance & Huether, 2019). On the other hand, environmental factors such as viral infection trigger an autoimmune response with the production of autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase, zinc transporter 8, islet cells, and tyrosine phosphatase, which causes progressive destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to absolute lack of insulin.

How would you describe the pathophysiology of type 2 DM?

Type 2 DM is a consequence of peripheral insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Peripheral insulin resistance stems from a complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020). For instance, central obesity results in an increase in plasma fatty acids, which interferes with insulin-dependent glucose uptake. Similarly, an increase in serine kinase activity in fat and muscle cells causes phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 leading to decreased glucose uptake. Finally, the accumulation of islet amyloid polypeptide in the pancreas causes diminished endogenous insulin production (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020). Ultimately, there is a relative insulin deficiency leading to hyperglycemia.

What causes hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism stems from low, inadequate production of thyroid hormones. Hypothyroidism results from an array of etiologies. It is termed primary when the abnormality is with the gland itself, while it is central or secondary when the thyroid gland is normal, but there is a pathology with the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. Primary causes of hypothyroidism include iodine deficiency, autoimmune thyroid disease, thyroid surgery, radiotherapy to the neck, and medications such as amiodarone and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Orlander, 2022). On the other hand, secondary central hypothyroidism can result from a pituitary adenoma, brain/pituitary radiation, Sheehan syndrome, TRH resistance, TRH deficiency, tumors impinging the hypothalamus, and drugs such as opioids, steroids, and dopamine (Orlander, 2022).

References

Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K. B., Ostolaza, H., & Martín, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(17), 6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Mosby.

Mentrasti, G., Scortichini, L., Torniai, M., Giampieri, R., Morgese, F., Rinaldi, S., & Berardi, R. (2020). Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH): Optimal management. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 16, 663–672. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S206066

Orlander, P. R. (2022, June 1). Hypothyroidism. Medscape.com. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview