The Function Of Ions Channel And The G Protein Discussion

The Function Of Ions Channel And The G Protein Discussion

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Post One provides an exhaustive exposition of G proteins and ion channels showing the tie-in between these in drug therapy and cellular communication. Ion channels are not simply responsible for ion transport across cell membranes; they are the governing factors that determine the excitability of cells, thus enabling the conduction of impulses/signals along the nervous system. What is more, G proteins function as primers, producing and conveying extracellular signals from cell surface to interior effectors, and regulating an array of physiological functions (Klengel & Binder, 2013)The Function Of Ions Channel And The G Protein Discussion. The necessity lies in the fact that we have to understand the principle behind the G proteins and the ion channels, which would allow for the development of targeted drugs with known effect and sound cell signalling networks.

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Epigenetics and Pharmacologic Medications

The pathway of applying pharmacology with epigenetics also provides us with more values in terms of personalized therapy. Epigenetic variations will impacts on basic cellular functions and gene expression level, from which there will be consequences on how drugs will respond with the body. EPs, such as dissimilar DNA methylation forms, might alter drugs metabolisms and efficacy hence the treatment outcome is different across individuals. In the context of patient care, knowing epigenetic mechanisms gives us additional information which can help us improve the therapeutic effectiveness and minimize side reactions (Udin et al., 2011) The Function Of Ions Channel And The G Protein Discussion. As a result, we should ensure that we understand the intricacy of epigenetic and pharmacological interactions as they directly determine the treatment for every individual patient.

Example Patient Situation

Picture a person presenting with major depression disposition (MDD), and when the SSRIs (SSRIs) treatment has not proved very effective. The patient has started the pill as the doctor said, but the symptoms have abated very little. The investigated gene methylation status reveals that the promoters of the serotonin transporters and receptors genes are excessively methylated and therefore their expression is declined and the drug effectiveness tends to diminish. Such information would therefore possibly contribute to the choice of treatment with emphasis on targeting certain cancer types based on the epigenetic markers in the patient’s genomic assay or even drug discovery studies through investigating epigenetic variants in the human genome.

Resources

Uddin, M., Koenen, K. C., Aiello, A. E., Wildman, D. E., de los Santos, R., & Galea, S. (2011). Epigenetic and inflammatory marker profiles associated with depression in a community-based epidemiologic sample. Psychological medicine, 41(5), 997–1007. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710001674

Klengel, T., & Binder, E. B. (2013). Epigenetics of Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders and Gene × Environment Interactions. Neuron, 86(6), 1343–1357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.036

NURS 6630 RESPONSE TO WEEK DISCUSSION INSTRUCTIONS

TOPIC: ION CHANNELS AND G PROTEINS

                                              MY POST

(Please, DO NOT respond to this post (MY POST). It is just a guide)

                                     Ion Channels and G Proteins

Ion channels and G proteins are two major classes of proteins responsible for membrane signaling (Duncan et al., 2020). They also act as drug targets and are located within the phospholipid lipid bi-layer membrane in various cells of the body. The ion channels are responsible for allowing ions to flow into and out of the cell. Therefore, they are responsible for electrical excitability within the nervous system and in other areas of the body (Duncan et al., 2020). In contrast, G proteins exist as seven transmembrane helix proteins that help to transduce extracellular stimuli into intracellular signals (Duncan et al., 2020)The Function Of Ions Channel And The G Protein Discussion. These proteins achieve this role by activating other downstream signaling partners, such as the ion channels. The G proteins regulate most of the body’s functions, and hence, the alteration in the G protein signal transduction pathway leads development of diseases, including rare genetic diseases (Calebiro et al., 2021). The vital role assumed by G proteins in the body explains why a third of all drugs currently on the market are directed against G protein-coupled receptors (Calebiro et al., 2021; Duncan et al., 2020). Therefore, the main difference between ion channels and G proteins is the manner of activation of these transmembrane signaling molecules and the effects of their interaction with a ligand. The ion channels open or close on interaction with a ligand to allow influx or outflow of ions from the cell, while G proteins activate other effector molecules within the cell to turn extracellular stimuli into intracellular signals.

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Regarding the patient’s question, I would respond by explaining to the patient that simply having the same genes as her grandmother does not necessarily mean that the patient will get the same mental illness. I will explain that genetics and environmental factors both play a crucial role in the development of mental illnesses (Hosak et al., 2023). Genetics helps to create susceptibility to a certain disease. However, it takes an interaction with adverse environmental factors such as childhood traumatic events to develop the mental illness that one is genetically susceptible (Hosak et al., 2023). Similarly, there is a need to assess, understand, and mitigate environmental factors to effectively treat and prevent mental illnesses (Hosak et al., 2023). Therefore, the patient’s biological, psychological, spiritual, and social environments are a better prognostic marker of her likelihood of developing the same mental disorder as her grandmother.

References

Calebiro, D., Koszegi, Z., Lanoiselee, Y., Miljus, T., & O’Brien, S. (2021). G protein-coupled receptor-G protein interactions: a single-molecule perspective. Physiological Reviews, 101(3), 857–906. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00021.2020Links to an external site.

Duncan, L. A., Song, W., & Sansom, P. S. M. (2020). Lipid-dependent regulation of ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors: Insights from structures and simulations. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 60, 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023411Links to an external site.

Hosak, L., Hosakova, K., Malekirad, M., Koncelikova, D. K., Zapletalova, J., & Latalova, K. (2023). Environmental factors in the etiology of mental disorders in the Czech Republic. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 19, 349-359. https://doi.org/10.2147%2FNDT.S379811Links to an external site.

(Please, DO NOT respond to this post (MY POST) ABOVE. It is just a guide) RESPOND ONLY TO POST ONE AND POST TWO BELOW.

                                           POST ONE

Comparing the operation of ion gated channels and g-coupled proteins and compare the roles that each plays in different situations. There are a variety of biological responses that can be caused by G-couple proteins, which are receptors that are found on the surface of cells. According to Rehman and Dimri (2021), they are responsible for transmitting messages outside of the cells, which are subsequently transformed into responses for the cells themselves. In this scenario, neurotransmitters can attach themselves to these receptors, resulting in a physiological reaction that can bring about changes in behavior, mood, or the immune system. The researchers Alexander et al. (2021) state that ion regulated channels are membrane proteins that include holes and are responsible for regulating the types of ions that are allowed to pass through the plasma membrane. The transmission of nerve impulses between neurons and the linking of neurotransmitters are both facilitated by ion gated channels. Connecting neurotransmitters to receptor sites results in the formation of a bridge or an opening in the channels. In the study conducted in 2021 by Alexander and colleagues, it was shown that the pre-synaptic cell is accountable for the release of a neurotransmitter that activates the post-synaptic receptors. 1. Please explain the possible part that epigenetics plays in the behavior of pharmacologic medications. Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene function that can result in characteristics that can be passed down without affecting the DNA, as stated by Stern et al. (2015)The Function Of Ions Channel And The G Protein Discussion. Epigenetics is devoted to the study of these modifications. A good example of this is DNA methylation, which can alter the function of cells by influencing how genes function. Because of this, the effects of pharmacologic medications vary from person to person based on the epigenetic characteristics of the individual. The first step is to have a conversation about how the current information might change the way you construct patient orders and how it might lead to revisions. If you could give me with an example of a patient situation in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner ought to be informed about the effects of the drug, I would be grateful. From the pharmacokinetics hypothesis perspective, epigenetic variables can alter the activity of cells, which may have implications for how medications are absorbed or released. It is possible that the presence of epigenetic alterations in the cells of a patient is an indication that the medication is less effective than expected. As an illustration, several individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder could not have a favorable reaction to most of the medications typically provided for the treatment of these conditions. It is possible that this lack of response to therapy is the consequence of genetic alterations that make it more difficult for the body to adequately break down drugs, as indicated by the findings of an epigenetic study.

References .

Berg, K. A., & Clarke, W. P. (2018). Making Sense of Pharmacology: Inverse Agonism and Functional Selectivity. The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 21(10), 962–977. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy071Links to an external site.

Ligand-gated ion channels: Ion Channels: IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. Ligand-gated ion channels | Ion channels | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForwardLinks to an external site.? family=697#citing

                                                 POST TWO

Ion Channels vs. G Proteins in Signal Transduction and Medication Targets

Cells communicate with each other through a process called signal transduction. Ion channels and G proteins are essential players in this communication. Ion channels, found in the cell membrane, act like gates controlling the flow of ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride in response to signals (Goldin, 2023). This ion movement changes the cell’s potential, leading to various cellular reactions. Medications often target ion channels to achieve specific effects; for example, drugs like lidocaine block sodium channels to prevent abnormal heart rhythms.

G proteins serve as second messengers, transmitting signals from cell surface receptors- G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to intracellular effectors. When a ligand binds to a GPCR, it activates the G protein, which has three subunits: α, β, and γ. The dissociated α subunit then regulates downstream effectors like enzymes or ion channels. β-adrenergic blockers, such as propranolol, inhibit the G protein pathway, aiding in the treatment of conditions like hypertension and heart arrhythmias (Alexander et al., 2021)The Function Of Ions Channel And The G Protein Discussion.

Question: My grandmother has a mental illness. I have the same genes as her. Will I also get the same mental illness?

Genetic Predisposition to Mental Illness

Understanding the role of genetics and the environment in mental health development is crucial. While genetics can contribute to some mental disorders like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, environmental factors also play a significant role. Having a family member with a mental illness increases the likelihood of developing one, but it’s not a guarantee. Patient shouldn’t worry too much about inheriting the grandmother’s mental illness, as it depends on various factors (Warrier et al., 2021).

 References

Alexander, S. P., Christopoulos, A., Davenport, A. P., Kelly, E., Mathie, A., Peters, J. A., … & Ward, D. T. (2021). The Concise Guide to Pharmacology 2021/22: G protein‐coupled receptors. British journal of pharmacology, 178, S27-S156.

Goldin, D. S. (2023). Fast facts for psychopharmacology for nurse practitioners. Springer Publishing, Chapter 3, “The Brain and Nervous System” (pp. 28–37)

https://www.drugs.com/pro/lidocaine.htmlLinks to an external site.

Warrier, V., Kwong, A. S., Luo, M., Dalvie, S., Croft, J., Sallis, H. M., … & Cecil, C. A. (2021). Gene–environment correlations and causal effects of childhood maltreatment on physical and mental health: a genetically informed approach. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(5), 373-386. The Function Of Ions Channel And The G Protein Discussion

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 NOTE BELOW:

Respond ONLY to POST ONE and POST TWO separately and each response should have two references. My POST ABOVE is my own discussion post that will serve as a guide to respond to POST ONE and POST TWO.

PLEASE, DO NOT RESPOND TO MY POST. POSTS ONE AND TWO ARE WRITTEN BY MY CLASSMATES THOSE ARE THE POSTS WE ARE RESPONDING TO. MY POST IS MY OWN DISCUSSION I WROTE SO PLEASE DO NOT RESPOND TO IT. THANK YOU.

 INSTRUCTIONS:

Read a selection of your colleagues’ posts. Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days by supporting or expanding on their explanation, as well as how they have described their response to the patient. Peer responses should include at least two (2) supporting scholarly, peer-reviewed references outside of the provided Learning Resources. Your responses should also include additional resources to either support or refute the responses and should demonstrate critical thinking.

Note: Be sure you work to share additional perspectives on the details described by your colleague. Responses of “I agree” or “good point” will result in lower score grading. The Function Of Ions Channel And The G Protein Discussion